What evidence supports the argument that Progressives were "exclusionary" towards African Americans?

The argument that Progressives were "exclusionary" towards African Americans is strongly supported by the assertion that they did little to end the segregation of African Americans. During the Progressive Era, many reformers focused on social and political issues such as labor rights, women's suffrage, and the improvement of urban living conditions. However, when it came to racial issues, particularly those affecting African Americans, the Progressive movement often fell short.

While some individuals within the Progressive movement recognized the injustices faced by African Americans and advocated for civil rights, the movement as a whole did not prioritize these issues. Many Progressives either ignored the systemic racism in society or actively supported segregationist policies, viewing racial issues as secondary to their primary goals of social reform. This exclusionary stance meant that despite their efforts to address poverty and labor conditions, African Americans were largely left out of the benefits and reforms that were being pursued during this time. Thus, the reluctance or refusal to tackle the complexities of racial injustice highlights a significant limitation of the Progressive movement, showcasing its exclusionary tendencies.