Which statement best describes the pattern of tariffs in the 19th century United States?

The assertion that the election of Lincoln ushered in a period of high tariffs is correct because it highlights a significant shift in U.S. tariff policy during the 19th century. Before Lincoln’s administration, tariffs varied primarily depending on regional interests, with the Southern states generally opposing high tariffs while the Northern states favored protectionist measures to support their industries.

When Lincoln took office in 1861, the context of the Civil War prompted the need for increased revenue to support the Union's war efforts. Consequently, the U.S. government raised tariffs significantly, as seen with the passage of the Morrill Tariff Act in 1861. This pattern of raising tariffs continued through the war years and beyond, influencing economic policies and the balance of power between different regions.

The other options do not accurately capture the historical context. Throughout the century, tariffs were not consistently low but fluctuated based on political leadership and economic conditions. Additionally, Democratic presidents traditionally favored lower tariffs in alignment with their party's platform aimed at promoting free trade. The notion that trade agreements eliminated the need for tariffs also overlooks the reality of the era, as tariffs were often viewed as essential for protecting burgeoning American industries.